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American outlaw (1847–1882)

Jesse James
Jesse James portrait.png

James c. 1882
Built-in (1847-09-05)September 5, 1847

Well-nigh Kearney, Missouri, U.S.
Died Apr 3, 1882(1882-04-03) (aged 34)

St. Joseph, Missouri, U.Due south.
39°45′28″N 94°50′39″W  /  39.757813°N 94.844087°W  / 39.757813; -94.844087  (Site of fatal shot killing Jesse James)

Cause of death Gunshot wound to the caput
Years active 1866–1882
Spouse(s)

Zerelda Mimms

​

​

(1000. 1874; his death1882)​
Children four, including Jesse
Parents
  • Robert Due south. James (father)
  • Zerelda Cole James (mother)
Relatives Frank James (blood brother)
Zerelda Mimms (cousin)
Wood Hite (cousin)

Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, bank and train robber, guerrilla, and leader of the James–Younger Gang. Raised in the "Little Dixie" area of western Missouri, James and his family maintained potent Southern sympathies.[ further caption needed ] He and his brother Frank James joined pro-Amalgamated guerrillas known as "bushwhackers" operating in Missouri and Kansas during the American Ceremonious War. As followers of William Quantrill and "Bloody Nib" Anderson, they were accused of committing atrocities against Union soldiers and civilian abolitionists, including the Centralia Massacre in 1864.

Afterward the war, as members of various gangs of outlaws, Jesse and Frank robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains across the Midwest, gaining national fame and often popular sympathy despite the brutality of their crimes. The James brothers were most agile as members of their own gang from most 1866 until 1876, when as a result of their attempted robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, several members of the gang were captured or killed. They continued in crime for several years afterwards, recruiting new members, merely came under increasing pressure from law enforcement seeking to bring them to justice. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was shot and killed past Robert Ford, a new recruit to the gang who hoped to collect a advantage on James's head and a promised immunity for his previous crimes. Already a celebrity in life, James became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death.

Despite popular portrayals of James every bit an embodiment of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, this is a case of romantic revisionism since there is absolutely no testify that he or his gang shared any loot from their robberies with anyone exterior their network.[1] Scholars and historians take characterized James as one of many criminals inspired by the regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the Civil War, rather than as a manifestation of declared economic justice or of frontier lawlessness.[2] James continues to be ane of the most famous figures from the era, and his life has been dramatized and memorialized numerous times.

Early life

Jesse Woodson James was born on September 5, 1847, in Clay County, Missouri, nearly the site of present-twenty-four hour period Kearney.[3] This area of Missouri was largely settled by people from the Upper South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee, and became known as Niggling Dixie for this reason. James had two full siblings: his elderberry blood brother, Alexander Franklin "Frank" James, and a younger sister, Susan Lavenia James. He was of English and Scottish descent. His father, Robert S. James, farmed commercial hemp in Kentucky and was a Baptist minister before coming to Missouri. Subsequently he married, he migrated to Bradford, Missouri and helped found William Jewell College in Freedom, Missouri.[2] He held six slaves and more than 100 acres (0.twoscore km2) of farmland.

Robert traveled to California during the Gold Rush to government minister to those searching for gold;[4] he died in that location when James was three years old.[5] Afterwards Robert's death, his widow Zerelda remarried twice, first to Benjamin Simms in 1852 and then in 1855 to Dr. Reuben Samuel, who moved into the James family home. Jesse's mother and Samuel had iv children together: Sarah Louisa, John Thomas, Fannie Quantrell, and Archie Peyton Samuel.[4] [6] Zerelda and Samuel acquired a full of vii slaves, who served mainly as farmhands in tobacco cultivation.[6] [vii]

Historical context

The approach of the American Civil War loomed large in the James–Samuel household. Missouri was a border state, sharing characteristics of both Due north and South, merely 75% of the population was from the South or other border states.[4] Clay Canton in particular was strongly influenced by the Southern culture of its rural pioneer families. Farmers raised the same crops and livestock as in the areas from which they had migrated. They brought slaves with them and purchased more than co-ordinate to their needs. The county counted more slaveholders and more slaves than most other regions of the country; in Missouri equally a whole, slaves deemed for only 10 per centum of the population, just in Dirt Canton, they constituted 25 percent.[viii] Aside from slavery, the culture of Little Dixie was Southern in other ways likewise. This influenced how the population acted during and for a period of time after the war.

After the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, Dirt County became the scene of slap-up turmoil as the question of whether slavery would be expanded into the neighboring Kansas Territory bred tension and hostility. Many people from Missouri migrated to Kansas to effort to influence its future. Much of the dramatic build-upwards to the Civil State of war centered on the violence that erupted on the Kansas–Missouri border between pro- and anti-slavery militias.[7] [9]

American Ceremonious War

After a series of campaigns and battles between conventional armies in 1861, guerrilla warfare gripped Missouri, waged betwixt secessionist "bushwhackers" and Union forces which largely consisted of local militias known as "jayhawkers". A bitter conflict ensued, resulting in an escalating wheel of atrocities committed by both sides. Confederate guerrillas murdered civilian Unionists, executed prisoners, and scalped the dead. The Spousal relationship presence enforced martial police force with raids on homes, arrests of civilians, summary executions, and banishment of Confederate sympathizers from the state.[10]

The James–Samuel family sided with the Confederates at the outbreak of state of war.[11] Frank James joined a local visitor recruited for the secessionist Drew Lobbs Army, and fought at the Battle of Wilson'southward Creek in August 1861. He roughshod ill and returned domicile soon afterward. In 1863, he was identified as a member of a guerrilla squad that operated in Clay County. In May of that twelvemonth, a Union militia company raided the James–Samuel subcontract looking for Frank'due south group. They tortured Reuben Samuel by briefly hanging him from a tree. According to legend, they lashed young Jesse.[4]

Quantrill's Raiders

Frank James eluded capture and was believed to have joined the guerrilla organisation led by William C. Quantrill known equally Quantrill's Raiders. It is thought that he took office in the notorious massacre of some 2 hundred men and boys in Lawrence, Kansas, a centre of abolitionists.[12] [13] Frank followed Quantrill to Sherman, Texas, over the winter of 1863–1864. In the jump he returned in a squad commanded past Fletch Taylor. After they arrived in Dirt County, 16-year-old Jesse James joined his brother in Taylor's grouping.[4]

Taylor was severely wounded in the summer of 1864, losing his right arm to a shotgun boom. The James brothers so joined the bushwhacker grouping led past William "Bloody Beak" Anderson. Jesse suffered a serious wound to the breast that summertime. The Clay County provost marshal reported that both Frank and Jesse James took part in the Centralia Massacre in September, in which guerrillas stopped a train carrying unarmed Matrimony soldiers returning home from duty and killed or wounded some 22 of them; the guerrillas scalped and dismembered some of the dead. The guerrillas besides ambushed and defeated a pursuing regiment of Major A. V. E. Johnson's Union troops, killing all who tried to surrender, who numbered more than 100. Frank later identified Jesse as a fellow member of the band who had fatally shot Major Johnson.[fourteen]

Equally a result of the James brothers' activities, Spousal relationship military authorities forced their family to go out Clay County. Though ordered to move South beyond Marriage lines, they moved north across the nearby state border into Nebraska Territory.[15]

Later on "Bloody Nib" Anderson was killed in an ambush in Oct, the James brothers separated. Frank followed Quantrill into Kentucky, while Jesse went to Texas under the control of Archie Cloudless, ane of Anderson's lieutenants. He is known to accept returned to Missouri in the spring.[xiv] At the age of 17, Jesse suffered the second of 2 life-threatening chest wounds when he was shot while trying to surrender after they ran into a Union cavalry patrol near Lexington, Missouri.[sixteen] [17]

Afterwards the Civil War

Dirt County Savings in Freedom, Missouri

At the stop of the Civil State of war, Missouri remained deeply divided. The conflict carve up the population into three bitterly opposed factions: anti-slavery Unionists identified with the Republican Party; segregationist conservative Unionists identified with the Democratic Party; and pro-slavery, ex-Confederate secessionists, many of whom were also allied with the Democrats, especially in the southern function of the land.

The Republican-dominated Reconstruction legislature passed a new state constitution that freed Missouri's slaves. It temporarily excluded quondam Confederates from voting, serving on juries, becoming corporate officers, or preaching from church pulpits. The atmosphere was volatile, with widespread clashes between individuals and between armed gangs of veterans from both sides of the state of war.[eighteen] [19]

Jesse recovered from his chest wound at his uncle's boardinghouse in Harlem, Missouri (north across the Missouri River from the Metropolis of Kansas'south River Quay [changed to Kansas Urban center in 1889]). He was tended to by his start cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms, named after Jesse'south mother.[14] Jesse and his cousin began a nine-year courtship that culminated in their marriage. Meanwhile, his former commander Archie Clement kept his bushwhacker gang together and began to harass Republican authorities.[11]

These men were the likely culprits in the first daylight armed bank robbery in the Usa during peacetime,[xx] the robbery of the Clay County Savings Clan in the town of Liberty, Missouri, on Feb 13, 1866. The bank was owned by Republican old militia officers who had recently conducted the first Republican Political party rally in Clay Canton's history. During the gang'south escape from the town, an innocent bystander, 17-twelvemonth-one-time George C. "Jolly" Wymore, a student at William Jewell Higher, was shot dead on the street.[21]

It remains unclear whether Jesse and Frank took part in the Clay Canton robbery. Afterward the James brothers successfully conducted other robberies and became legendary, some observers retroactively credited them with being the leaders of the robbery.[14] Others accept argued that Jesse was at the time notwithstanding bedridden with his wound and could not have participated. No testify has been institute that connects either brother to the criminal offense or that conclusively rules them out.[22] On June xiii, 1866, in Jackson Canton, Missouri, the gang freed two jailed members of Quantrill's gang, killing the jailer in the effort.[23] Historians believe that the James brothers were involved in this crime.

Local violence continued to increment in the country; Governor Thomas Cloudless Fletcher had recently ordered a company of militia into Johnson County to suppress guerrilla activity.[24] Archie Cloudless continued his career of offense and harassment of the Republican government, to the extent of occupying the boondocks of Lexington, Missouri, on election 24-hour interval in 1866. Before long afterward, the state militia shot Clement dead. James wrote nigh this death with bitterness a decade later.[21] [22]

The survivors of Cloudless's gang continued to conduct bank robberies during the next two years, though their numbers dwindled through arrests, gunfights, and lynchings. While they subsequently tried to justify robbing the banks, near of their targets were small, local banks based on local capital letter, and the robberies only penalized the locals they claimed to back up.[25] On May 23, 1867, for case, they robbed a bank in Richmond, Missouri, in which they killed the mayor and two others.[14] [26] It remains uncertain whether either of the James brothers took office, although an eyewitness who knew the brothers told a paper seven years afterwards "positively and emphatically that he recognized Jesse and Frank James... among the robbers."[27] In 1868, Frank and Jesse James allegedly joined Cole Younger in robbing a bank in Russellville, Kentucky.

Jesse James did non become well known until December 7, 1869, when he (and most likely Frank) robbed the Daviess County Savings Clan in Gallatin, Missouri. The robbery netted little money. Jesse is believed to have shot and killed the cashier, Captain John Sheets, mistakenly believing him to be Samuel P. Cox, the militia officer who had killed "Bloody Bill" Anderson during the Civil War.[28]

James claimed he was taking revenge, and the daring escape he and Frank made through the middle of a posse shortly afterward attracted paper coverage for the kickoff time.[29] [30] An 1882 history of Daviess County said, "The history of Daviess County has no blacker crime in its pages than the murder of John Due west. Sheets."[31]

State of Missouri vs. Frank & Jesse James including indictment; capias to Clay & Jackson Counties; sheriff's returns; warrant to any sheriff or marshall of the Criminal Courtroom in Missouri. Courtesy of the Missouri Land Archives.

The only known civil example involving Frank and Jesse James was filed in the Common Pleas Courtroom of Daviess County in 1870. In the example, Daniel Smoote asked for $223.50 from Frank and Jesse James to supervene upon a horse, saddle, and bridle stolen as they fled the robbery of the Daviess Canton Savings Bank. The brothers denied the charges, saying they were not in Daviess County on December seven, the twenty-four hours the robbery occurred. Frank and Jesse failed to appear in court, and Smoote won his case against them.[32] It is unlikely that he ever nerveless the money due.

The 1869 robbery marked the emergence of Jesse James as the almost famous survivor of the former Confederate bushwhackers. It was the commencement time he was publicly labeled an "outlaw"; Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden ready a reward for his capture.[31] This was the beginning of an alliance between James and John Newman Edwards, editor and founder of the Kansas City Times. Edwards, a former Confederate cavalryman, was campaigning to render sometime secessionists to ability in Missouri. Six months after the Gallatin robbery, Edwards published the commencement of many letters from Jesse James to the public asserting his innocence. Over time, the letters gradually became more than political in tone and James denounced the Republicans and expressed his pride in his Confederate loyalties. Together with Edwards's admiring editorials, the letters helped James get a symbol of Confederate defiance of federal Reconstruction policy. James's initiative in creating his rising public profile is debated by historians and biographers. The high tensions in politics accompanied his outlaw career and enhanced his notoriety.[30] [33]

James–Younger Gang

Meanwhile, the James brothers joined with Cole Younger and his brothers John, Jim, and Bob, too as Clell Miller and other former Confederates, to form what came to be known equally the James–Younger Gang. With Jesse James equally the almost public face of the gang (though with operational leadership likely shared among the group), the gang carried out a string of robberies from Iowa to Texas, and from Kansas to West Virginia.[34] They robbed banks, stagecoaches, and a off-white in Kansas City, often conveying out their crimes in front end of crowds, and fifty-fifty hamming it up for the bystanders.

On July 21, 1873, they turned to train robbery, derailing a Rock Island Line train west of Adair, Iowa, and stealing approximately $3,000 (equivalent to $65,000 in 2020). For this, they wore Ku Klux Klan masks. By this time, the Klan had been suppressed in the Southward by President Grant's use of the Enforcement Acts. Sometime rebels attacked the railroads equally symbols of threatening centralization.[35]

The gang'south afterwards train robberies had a lighter affect. The gang held upwards passengers only twice, choosing in all other incidents to have only the contents of the express safe in the baggage car. John Newman Edwards made sure to highlight such techniques when creating an paradigm of James every bit a kind of Robin Hood. Despite public sentiment toward the gang'due south crimes, there is no evidence that the James gang ever shared any of the robbery money outside their personal circle.[33]

Jesse and his cousin Zee married on Apr 24, 1874. They had 2 children who survived to adulthood: Jesse Edward James (b. 1875) and Mary Susan James (afterwards Barr, b. 1879).[36] Twins Gould and Montgomery James (b. 1878) died in infancy. Jesse Jr. became a lawyer who practiced in Kansas City, Missouri, and Los Angeles, California.[37]

Pinkertons

In 1874, the Adams Express Company turned to the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to stop the James–Younger Gang. The Chicago-based agency worked primarily confronting urban professional criminals, as well equally providing industrial security, such every bit strike breaking. Because the gang received support past many former Confederate soldiers in Missouri, they eluded the Pinkertons. Joseph Whicher, an agent dispatched to infiltrate Zerelda Samuel's farm, was soon found killed. 2 other agents, Helm Louis J. Lull and John Boyle, were sent after the Youngers; Lull was killed by ii of the Youngers in a roadside gunfight on March 17, 1874. Earlier he died, Lull fatally shot John Younger. A deputy sheriff named Edwin Daniels also died in the skirmish.[38] [39]

External video
video icon Booknotes interview with Ted Yeatman on Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend, October 28, 2001, C-Span

Allan Pinkerton, the agency'due south founder and leader, took on the case as a personal vendetta. He began to piece of work with former Unionists who lived well-nigh the James family farm. On the night of Jan 25, 1875, he staged a raid on the homestead. Detectives threw an incendiary device into the business firm; it exploded, killing James'south young one-half-brother Archie (named for Archie Clement) and blowing off one of Zerelda Samuel'south arms. Afterward, Pinkerton denied that the raid's intent was arson. Merely biographer Ted Yeatman found a letter of the alphabet by Pinkerton in the Library of Congress in which Pinkerton declared his intention to "fire the house down."[40] [41]

Many residents were outraged by the raid on the family unit home. The Missouri country legislature narrowly defeated a bill that praised the James and Younger brothers and offered them immunity.[11] Allowed to vote and hold function again, erstwhile Confederates in the legislature voted to limit the size of rewards the governor could offering for fugitives. This extended a measure out of protection over the James–Younger gang by minimizing the incentive for attempting to capture them. The governor had offered rewards higher than the new limit only on Frank and Jesse James.[42] [43]

Across a creek and up a hill from the James house was the home of Daniel Askew, who is thought to have been killed by James or his gang on April 12, 1875. They may have suspected Askew of cooperating with the Pinkertons in the January 1875 arson of the James firm.[ citation needed ]

Downfall of the gang

On September 7, 1876, the opening day of hunting season in Minnesota, the James–Younger gang attempted a raid on the First National Depository financial institution of Northfield, Minnesota. The robbery speedily went wrong, nonetheless, and after the robbery but Frank and Jesse James remained alive and free.[44]

Cole and Bob Younger later said they selected the bank because they believed it was associated with the Republican politician Adelbert Ames, the governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction, and Union general Benjamin Butler, Ames's begetter-in-law and the Union commander of occupied New Orleans. Ames was a stockholder in the bank, but Butler had no straight connection to it.[45]

The gang attempted to rob the bank in Northfield at almost 2 pm. To bear out the robbery, the gang divided into two groups. Three men entered the bank, 2 guarded the door exterior, and 3 remained almost a span across an adjacent square. The robbers within the bank were thwarted when acting cashier Joseph Lee Heywood refused to open up the safe, falsely challenge that it was secured past a fourth dimension lock even as they held a Bowie pocketknife to his pharynx and cracked his skull with a pistol butt. Assistant cashier Alonzo Enos Bunker was wounded in the shoulder as he fled through the back door of the bank. Meanwhile, the citizens of Northfield grew suspicious of the men guarding the door and raised the alarm. The five bandits outside fired into the air to clear the streets, driving the townspeople to take encompass and fire back from protected positions. They shot two bandits dead and wounded the residuum in the barrage. Inside, the outlaws turned to abscond. As they left, one shot the unarmed cashier Heywood in the head. Historians have speculated about the identity of the shooter but have non reached consensus.

The gang barely escaped Northfield, leaving two dead companions behind. They killed Heywood and Nicholas Gustafson, a Swedish immigrant from the Millersburg customs west of Northfield. A substantial manhunt ensued. It is believed that the gang burned 14 Rice Canton mills shortly later the robbery.[46] The James brothers eventually separate from the others and escaped to Missouri. The militia soon discovered the Youngers and one other bandit, Charlie Pitts. Pitts died in a gunfight and the Youngers were taken prisoner. Except for Frank and Jesse James, the James–Younger Gang was destroyed.[47] [48]

Later in 1876, Jesse and Frank James surfaced in the Nashville, Tennessee, area, where they went by the names of Thomas Howard and B. J. Woodson, respectively. Frank seemed to settle downwardly, but Jesse remained restless. He recruited a new gang in 1879 and returned to criminal offense, holding up a train at Glendale, Missouri (now part of Independence),[49] on Oct 8, 1879. The robbery was the first in a spree of crimes, including the holdup of the federal paymaster of a canal projection in Killen, Alabama, and two more train robberies. Simply the new gang was not made upwardly of battle-hardened guerrillas; they shortly turned confronting each other or were captured. James grew suspicious of other members; he scared away one human and some believe that he killed another gang member.

In 1879, the James gang robbed two stores in far western Mississippi, at Washington in Adams Canton and Fayette in Jefferson County. The gang left with $ii,000 greenbacks from the second robbery and took shelter in abandoned cabins on the Kemp Plantation south of St. Joseph, Louisiana. A law enforcement posse attacked and killed two of the outlaws but failed to capture the unabridged gang. Amongst the deputies was Jefferson B. Snyder, later a long-serving commune attorney in northeastern Louisiana.[fifty]

By 1881, with local Tennessee authorities growing suspicious, the brothers returned to Missouri, where they felt safer. James moved his family to St. Joseph, Missouri, in November 1881, not far from where he had been built-in and reared. Frank, however, decided to move to safer territory and headed due east to settle in Virginia. They intended to give up law-breaking. The James gang had been reduced to the two of them.[51] [52]

Death

Site at 1318 Lafayette Street, where James was killed. To the right is the top of Patee Business firm, where his widow Zerelda stayed after his death. His house was subsequently moved to the Belt Highway and later to its electric current location on the Patee House grounds.

Jesse James's home in St. Joseph, where he was shot (currently at the grounds of the Patee House)

With his gang nearly annihilated, James trusted simply the Ford brothers, Charley and Robert.[53] Although Charley had been out on raids with James, Bob Ford was an eager new recruit. For protection, James asked the Ford brothers to move in with him and his family. James had frequently stayed with their sister Martha Bolton and, according to rumor, he was "smitten" with her.[one] By that time, Bob Ford had conducted hush-hush negotiations with Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden, planning to bring in the famous outlaw.[53] Crittenden had fabricated capture of the James brothers his elevation priority; in his inaugural address he declared that no political motives could be allowed to proceed them from justice. Barred past law from offering a large advantage, he had turned to the railroad and limited corporations to put upwards a $v,000 compensation for the commitment of each of them and an additional $5,000 for the confidence of either of them.[54]

A woodcut shows Robert Ford famously shooting Jesse James in the dorsum while he hangs a picture show in his house. Ford's brother Charles looks on.[55]

On Apr 3, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and Jameses went into the living room earlier traveling to Platte Urban center for a robbery. From the newspaper, James had simply learned that gang member Dick Liddil had confessed to participating in Wood Hite's murder. He was suspicious that the Fords had not told him about information technology. Robert Ford afterward said he believed that James had realized they were there to beguile him. Instead of against them, James walked beyond the living room and laid his revolvers on a sofa. He turned around and noticed a dusty picture above the mantle, and stood on a chair to clean it. Robert Ford drew his weapon and shot the unarmed Jesse James in the back of the head.[56] [57] [58] James'south two previous bullet wounds and partially missing middle finger served to positively identify the body.[14]

The death of Jesse James became a national sensation. The Fords made no attempt to hide their role. Robert Ford wired the governor to claim his reward. Crowds pressed into the lilliputian house in St. Joseph to encounter the expressionless bandit. The Ford brothers surrendered to the government and were dismayed to exist charged with first-degree murder. In the course of a single day, the Ford brothers were indicted, pleaded guilty, were sentenced to death by hanging, and were granted a full pardon past Governor Crittenden.[59] The governor'south quick pardon suggested he knew the brothers intended to impale James rather than capture him. The implication that the chief executive of Missouri conspired to kill a private denizen startled the public and added to James'south notoriety.[60] [61] [62]

Later receiving a small-scale portion of the reward, the Fords fled Missouri. Sheriff James Timberlake and Marshal Henry H. Craig, who were police force enforcement officials active in the programme, were awarded the majority of the compensation.[63] Later, the Ford brothers starred in a touring stage show in which they reenacted the shooting.[64] [65] Public stance was divided betwixt those against the Fords for murdering Jesse and those of the opinion that information technology had been time for the outlaw to exist stopped. Suffering from tuberculosis (then incurable) and a morphine habit, Charley Ford committed suicide on May six, 1884, in Richmond, Missouri. Bob Ford operated a tent saloon in Creede, Colorado. On June eight, 1892, Edward O'Kelley went to Creede, loaded a double-barrel shotgun, entered Ford'south saloon and said "Hello, Bob" before shooting Ford in the throat, killing him instantly. O'Kelley was sentenced to life in prison house, but his judgement was subsequently commuted because of a 7,000-signature petition in favor of his release, as well as a medical condition. The Governor of Colorado pardoned him on October iii, 1902.[66]

Jesse James Gravestone in Kearney, Missouri.

James's original grave was on his family holding, but he was later moved to a cemetery in Kearney. The original footstone is all the same there, although the family has replaced the headstone. James'south mother Zerelda Samuel wrote the following epitaph for him: "In Loving Memory of my Beloved Son, Murdered by a Traitor and Coward Whose Name is not Worthy to Appear Here."[53] James's widow Zerelda Mimms James died alone and in poverty.

Rumors of survival

Rumors of Jesse James'southward survival proliferated near as soon as the newspapers appear his decease. Some said that Robert Ford killed someone other than James in an elaborate plot to allow him to escape justice.[11] These tales have received little acceptance, and then or since. None of James's biographers accustomed them equally plausible. The body buried in Kearney, Missouri, marked "Jesse James" was exhumed in 1995 and subjected to mitochondrial Dna typing. The study, prepared by Anne C. Rock, Ph.D., James Due east. Starrs, 50.L.M., and Mark Stoneking, Ph.D., confirmed that the mtDNA recovered from the remains was consistent with the mtDNA of 1 of James's relatives in the female line.[67]

The theme of survival was featured in a 2009 documentary, Jesse James' Subconscious Treasure, which aired on the History Channel. The documentary was dismissed equally pseudo history and pseudoscience by historian Nancy Samuelson in a review she wrote for the Wintertime 2009–2010 edition of The James-Younger Gang Journal.[68]

J. Frank Dalton claimed to be Jesse James. Dalton was allegedly 101 years old at the time of his get-go public advent, in May 1948. Dalton died August 15, 1951, in Granbury, Texas.[69] Oran Baker, Hood Canton sheriff, conducted a visual postmortem test and found he had xxx-two bullet wounds and a rope burn around his neck. He was buried in Granbury Cemetery, where the headstone bears the proper noun of "Jesse Woodson James".[lxx] His story did not hold upwardly to questioning from James's surviving relatives.[71]

Legacy

James'southward turn to crime subsequently the end of the Reconstruction era helped cement his place in American life and memory every bit a unproblematic but remarkably effective brigand. After 1873, he was covered past the national media equally function of social banditry.[72] During his lifetime, James was historic chiefly past former Confederates, to whom he appealed straight in his letters to the press. Displaced by Reconstruction, the antebellum political leadership mythologized the James Gang's exploits. Frank Triplett wrote about James as a "progressive neo-blueblood" with "purity of race".[73] Some historians credit James'southward myth equally contributing to the rise of former Confederates to dominance in Missouri politics.[ citation needed ] In the 1880s, both U.S. Senators from the country, former Amalgamated military commander Francis Cockrell, and former Amalgamated Congressman George Graham Vest, were identified with the Confederate cause.

In the 1880s, later on James's decease, the James Gang became the subject of dime novels that represented the bandits equally pre-industrial models of resistance.[73] During the Populist and Progressive eras, James became an icon as America's Robin Hood, standing upwardly against corporations in defence of the small farmer, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor. There is no testify that he shared the loot of his robberies with anyone other than his gang members; they alone enjoyed the riches with him.[1]

In the 1950s, James was pictured equally a psychologically troubled man rather than a social insubordinate. Some filmmakers portrayed the former outlaw equally a revenger, replacing "social with exclusively personal motives."[74] While his "heroic outlaw" prototype is ordinarily portrayed in films, as well as in songs and sociology, since the late 20th century, historians such as Stiles have classified him as a self-aware vigilante and terrorist who used local tensions to create his own myth amidst the widespread insurgent guerrillas and vigilantes following the American Civil War.[2]

Jesse James remains a controversial symbol, one who can e'er be reinterpreted in diverse ways co-ordinate to cultural tensions and needs. Some of the neo-Confederate movement regard him as a hero.[60] [75] [76] But renewed cultural battles over the place of the Civil War in American history take replaced the long-continuing interpretation of James as a Western frontier hero.

Museums

Museums and sites devoted to Jesse James:

  • James Farm in Kearney, Missouri: In 1974, Clay County, Missouri, bought the holding. The county operates the site every bit a business firm museum and historic site.[77] Information technology was listed on the National Annals of Historic Places in 1972, with a boundary increase in 1978.[78]
  • Jesse James Abode Museum: The house where Jesse James was killed in due south St. Joseph was moved in 1939 to the Belt Highway on St. Joseph'south east side to attract tourists. In 1977, it was moved to its current location, well-nigh Patee House, which was the headquarters of the Pony Express. The firm is owned and operated by the Pony Express Historical Association.[79]
  • The Jesse James Bank Museum, on the foursquare in Liberty, Missouri, is the site of the outset daylight bank robbery in the United States in peacetime. The museum is managed by Clay Canton forth with the James Farm Dwelling and Museum outside of Kearney.[eighty]
  • First National Bank of Northfield: The Northfield Historical Lodge in Northfield, Minnesota, has restored the edifice that housed the First National Bank, the scene of the 1876 raid.[81]
  • Heaton Bowman Funeral Dwelling house, 36th Street and Frederick Avenue, St. Joseph, Missouri: The funeral abode's predecessor conducted the original autopsy and funeral for Jesse James. A room in the back holds the log book and other documentation.
  • The Jesse James Tavern is located in Asdee, County Kerry, Ireland. It has been claimed that James'due south ancestors were from that area of Ireland.[82] But documented bear witness suggests that on his father's side, Jesse was a third-generation American of English language descent.[83] [84]
  • According to the National Park Service, Jesse James has a historical connection to Mammoth Cave National Park, having reportedly occupied some of the cave'south inner areas during his escapes from the police force, and having committed a stage coach robbery between Cave Urban center and Mammoth Cave.[85] [86] These claims are disputed, as, according to Katie Cielinski, a local cavern expert, "If every cave that claims Jesse James had been there (was valid), Jesse James would never have been on the surface."[87] Information technology is likely these legends are based on the ample evidence that the Kentucky cave system played host to outlaw camps in general.

Festivals

The Defeat of Jesse James Days in Northfield, Minnesota, is among the largest outdoor celebrations in the land.[88] It is held annually in September during the weekend subsequently Labor Twenty-four hours. Thousands of visitors watch reenactments of the robbery, a championship rodeo, a carnival, performances of a 19th-century style melodrama musical, and a parade during the v-twenty-four hour period issue.[89]

Jesse James's boyhood home in Kearney, Missouri, is operated every bit a museum dedicated to the town'due south almost famous resident. Each twelvemonth a recreational off-white, the Jesse James Festival, is held during the third weekend in September.[xc]

The annual Victorian Festival in Jersey County, Illinois, is held on Labor Mean solar day weekend[91] at the 1866 Col. William H. Fulkerson estate Hazel Dell. Festivities include telling Jesse James'south history in stories and by reenactments of stagecoach holdups. Over the three-day result, thousands of spectators acquire of the documented James Gang'south stopover at Hazel Dell and of their connection with ex-Confederate Fulkerson.

Russellville, Kentucky, the site of the robbery of the Southern Bank in 1868, holds a reenactment of the robbery every year as of the Logan County Tobacco and Heritage Festival.[92]

The small-scale town of Oak Grove, Louisiana, also hosts a town-wide annual Jesse James Outlaw Roundup Festival, usually in the early on to mid fall. This is a reference to a curt time James supposedly spent near this area.[93]

Cultural depictions

References

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  2. ^ a b c Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Terminal Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
  3. ^ Burlingame, Jeff (March 1, 2010). Jesse James: I Will Never Surrender. Enslow Publishers, Inc. p. 12. ISBN9780766033535.
  4. ^ a b c d e Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 7, 12, 16, 26. ISBN0-8032-5860-7 . Retrieved December vii, 2008.
  5. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Terminal Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 23–vi. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
  6. ^ a b Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland Firm Publishing. pp. 26–viii. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
  7. ^ a b Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 26–55. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
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  9. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas (1992). Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie. University of Missouri Press. ISBN0-8262-0854-1.
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  11. ^ a b c d Andrews, Dale C (June xviii, 2013). "Jesse James and Meramec Caverns". Route 66. Washington: SleuthSayers.
  12. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Fable. Cumberland Firm Publishing. pp. xxx–45. ISBNone-58182-325-eight.
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  31. ^ a b "Civil lawsuit against Frank & Jesse James". Daviess County Historical Guild. August 30, 2007. Archived from the original on February i, 2009. Retrieved Dec seven, 2008.
  32. ^ Missouri State Archives. "Frank and Jesse James Court Documents from Daviess County". Missouri Digital Heritage. Missouri Part of the Secretary of State. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
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  34. ^ Old Campsite of Jesse and Frank James: Usa 380, approximately v miles due east of Decatur: Texas marker #3700 – Texas Historical Commission
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  37. ^ "Original reference: Los Angeles Times, Orangish County Edition, August 25, 2001, Folio F2". Ericjames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
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  42. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Printing. pp. 76–84. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved December vii, 2008.
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  44. ^ "St. Joseph History — Jesse James". St. Joseph, Missouri. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
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  46. ^ "An Inventory of the Northfield (Minnesota) Bank Robbery of 1876: Selected Manuscripts Collection". Mnhs.org. Retrieved September half-dozen, 2012.
  47. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 169–86. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
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  49. ^ "Skillful Detective Piece of work; Another of the James Gang Captured in Missouri". The New York Times. March xix, 1889.
  50. ^ "Jefferson B. Snyder". New Orleans Times-Trivial, April 15, 1938. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  51. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 193–270. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
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  53. ^ a b c King, Susan (September 17, 2007). "1 more shot at the fable of Jesse James". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December vii, 2008.
  54. ^ Hanes, Elizabeth. "Jesse James Wanted Poster Goes Upwards for Sale". History.com. A&Eastward Television Networks. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  55. ^ Pigeon, Laurie L. (May 31, 2013). "x of History'due south Most Notorious Traitors". HowStuffWorks. InfoSpace Holdings LLC. System1 Company. Retrieved September v, 2018.
  56. ^ "Jesse James Shot Down. Killed By One Of His Confederates Who Claims To Be A Detective". New York Times. April 4, 1882. Retrieved December 9, 2008. A nifty sensation was erected in this city this morn past the announcement that Jesse James, the notorious bandit and train-robber, had been shot and killed here. The news spread with great rapidity, only most persons received it with doubts until investigation established the fact across question.
  57. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 363–75. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
  58. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Backside the Fable. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 264–9. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
  59. ^ "Jesse James'southward Murderers. The Ford Brothers Indicted, Plead Guilty, Sentenced To Be Hanged, And Pardoned All In I Day". New York Times. April 18, 1882. Retrieved December seven, 2008.
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  62. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 117–36. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved Dec 7, 2008.
  63. ^ "Feared by Jesse James". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. March 10, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
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  82. ^ "Asdee—where Jesse James'south ancestors originated—Canton Kerry, Republic of ireland", 1st Finish County Kerry, accessed June 20, 2008
  83. ^ Steele, Philip Due west. "Jesse and Frank James: The Family unit History". Pelican Publishing, 1987, p. 27.
  84. ^ Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, Volume 2, edited by: James Patrick Byrne, Philip Coleman, Jason Francis Rex, pp. 475–476.
  85. ^ "Kentucky: 225 Years on the Motility". Kentucky Historical Society.
  86. ^ "NPS - Folio In-Progress". world wide web.nps.gov.
  87. ^ wswietek@bgdailynews.com, WES SWIETEK. "Lost River has unique history, role as 'urban haven'". Bowling Light-green Daily News.
  88. ^ Garrison, Webb (November 3, 1998). A Treasury of Minnesota Tales: Unusual, Interesting, and Piffling-Known Stories of Minnesota. Thomas Nelson. p. 42. ISBN9781418530624.
  89. ^ "Defeat of Jesse James Days". Djjd.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  90. ^ "Jesse James Festival." JesseJamesFestival.com.
  91. ^ "Jersey Canton Victorian Festival." Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Automobile GreatRiverRoad.com.
  92. ^ "Logan Canton Tobacco & Heritage Festival 2017". Logan County Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  93. ^ Jesse James Outlaw Roundup Festival on Facebook

Bibliography

  • Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-506471-2.
  • Settle, William A. Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri'. University of Nebraska Press, 1977. ISBN 0-8032-5860-7.
  • Stiles, T. J. Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
  • Yeatman, Ted P. Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing, 2000. ISBN one-58182-325-eight.
  • Quist, B. Wayne, The History of the Christdala Evangelical Swedish Lutheran Church of Millersburg, Minnesota, Dundas, Minnesota, Third Edition, July 2009, page 19–23, The Murder of Nicholaus Gustafson.

Farther reading

  • Dyer, Robert. "Jesse James and the Civil War in Missouri,"University of Missouri Press, 1994
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. Bandits, Pantheon, 1981
  • Koblas, John J. Faithful Unto Death, Northfield Historical Society Press, 2001
  • Smith, Carter F. Gangs and the Military: Gangsters, Bikers, and Terrorists with Military Training. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
  • Thelen, David. Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Nobility in Industrializing Missouri, Oxford Academy Press, 1986
  • Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Doubleday, 1961; 1986.
  • White, Richard. "Outlaw Gangs of the Heart Border: American Social Bandits," Western Historical Quarterly 12, no. 4 (October 1981)

External links

  • Master sources and essays by Jesse James biographer T. J. Stiles
  • Official website for the Family unit of Jesse James
  • Decease pics Jesse James
  • Jesse James at Curlie
  • FBI Records: The Vault - Jesse James at fbi.gov
  • A 1901 newspaper interview with the Younger brothers
  • Death of Jesse James with pictures from the National Archives and Library of Congress
  • Jesse James on IMDb

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James

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